jpegio.c

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/*====================================================================*
 -  Copyright (C) 2001 Leptonica.  All rights reserved.
 -  This software is distributed in the hope that it will be
 -  useful, but with NO WARRANTY OF ANY KIND.
 -  No author or distributor accepts responsibility to anyone for the
 -  consequences of using this software, or for whether it serves any
 -  particular purpose or works at all, unless he or she says so in
 -  writing.  Everyone is granted permission to copy, modify and
 -  redistribute this source code, for commercial or non-commercial
 -  purposes, with the following restrictions: (1) the origin of this
 -  source code must not be misrepresented; (2) modified versions must
 -  be plainly marked as such; and (3) this notice may not be removed
 -  or altered from any source or modified source distribution.
 *====================================================================*/

/*
 *  jpegio.c
 *
 *    Read jpeg from file
 *          PIX             *pixReadJpeg()  [ special top level ]
 *          PIX             *pixReadStreamJpeg()
 *
 *    Read jpeg metadata from file
 *          l_int32          readHeaderJpeg()
 *          l_int32          freadHeaderJpeg()
 *          l_int32          fgetJpegResolution()
 *
 *    Write jpeg to file
 *          l_int32          pixWriteJpeg()  [ special top level ]
 *          l_int32          pixWriteStreamJpeg()
 *
 *    Read/write to memory
 *          PIX             *pixReadMemJpeg()
 *          l_int32          readHeaderMemJpeg()
 *          l_int32          pixWriteMemJpeg()
 *
 *    Setting special flag(s)
 *          void             l_jpegSetNoChromaSampling()
 *
 *    Static system helpers
 *          static void      jpeg_error_do_not_exit()
 *          static l_uint8   jpeg_getc()
 *          static l_int32   jpeg_comment_callback()
 *
 *    Extraction of jpeg header information by parsing
 *          l_int32          extractJpegDataFromFile()
 *          l_int32          extractJpegDataFromArray()
 *          static l_int32   extractJpegHeaderDataFallback()
 *          static l_int32   locateJpegImageParameters()
 *          static l_int32   getNextJpegMarker()
 *          static l_int32   getTwoByteParameter()
 *
 *    Documentation: libjpeg.doc can be found, along with all
 *    source code, at ftp://ftp.uu.net/graphics/jpeg
 *    Download and untar the file:  jpegsrc.v6b.tar.gz
 *    A good paper on jpeg can also be found there: wallace.ps.gz
 *
 *    The functions in libjpeg make it very simple to compress
 *    and decompress images.  On input (decompression from file),
 *    3 component color images can be read into either an 8 bpp Pix
 *    with a colormap or a 32 bpp Pix with RGB components.  For output
 *    (compression to file), all color Pix, whether 8 bpp with a
 *    colormap or 32 bpp, are written compressed as a set of three
 *    8 bpp (rgb) images.
 *
 *    The default behavior of the jpeg library is to call exit.
 *    This is often undesirable, and the caller should make the
 *    decision when to abort a process.  So I inserted setjmp(s)
 *    in the reader and writer, wrote a static error handler that
 *    does not exit, and set up the cinfo structure so that the
 *    low-level jpeg library will call this error handler instead
 *    of the default function error_exit().
 *
 *    There is a special flag for not subsampling the U,V (chroma)
 *    channels.  This gives higher quality for the color, which is
 *    important for some situations.  The standard subsampling is
 *    2x2 on both channels.
 *      var_JPEG_NO_CHROMA_SAMPLING: default is 0 (false)
 *    This is set with l_jpegSetNoChromaSampling().
 */

#include <string.h>
#include "allheaders.h"

#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include "config_auto.h"
#endif  /* HAVE_CONFIG_H */

/* --------------------------------------------*/
#if  HAVE_LIBJPEG   /* defined in environ.h */
/* --------------------------------------------*/

#include <setjmp.h>

/* jconfig.h makes the error of setting
 *   #define HAVE_STDLIB_H
 * which conflicts with config_auto.h (where it is set to 1) and results
 * for some gcc compiler versions in a warning.  The conflict is harmless
 * but we suppress it by undefining the variable. */
#undef HAVE_STDLIB_H
#include "jpeglib.h"

static void jpeg_error_do_not_exit(j_common_ptr cinfo);
static l_uint8 jpeg_getc(j_decompress_ptr cinfo);
static jmp_buf jpeg_jmpbuf;

    /* Note: 'boolean' is defined in jmorecfg.h.  We use it explicitly
     * here because for windows where __MINGW32__ is defined,
     * the prototype for jpeg_comment_callback() is given as
     * returning a boolean.  */
static boolean jpeg_comment_callback(j_decompress_ptr cinfo);

    /* Static helpers for extraction of jpeg data */
static l_int32  extractJpegHeaderDataFallback(const void *data, size_t nbytes,
                                              l_int32 *pw, l_int32 *ph,
                                              l_int32 *pbps, l_int32 *pspp);
static l_int32  locateJpegImageParameters(l_uint8 *, size_t, l_int32 *);
static l_int32  getNextJpegMarker(l_uint8 *, size_t, l_int32 *);
static l_int32  getTwoByteParameter(l_uint8 *, l_int32);


/* ----------------Set default for write option ----------------- */
    /* Do not subsample the chroma channels; default is 2x2 subsampling */
static l_int32   var_JPEG_NO_CHROMA_SAMPLING = 0;

#ifndef  NO_CONSOLE_IO
#define  DEBUG_INFO      0
#endif  /* ~NO_CONSOLE_IO */


/*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                          Read jpeg from file                        *
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/*!
 *  pixReadJpeg()
 *
 *      Input:  filename
 *              colormap flag (0 means return RGB image if color;
 *                             1 means create colormap and return 8 bpp
 *                               palette image if color)
 *              reduction (scaling factor: 1, 2, 4 or 8)
 *              &pnwarn (<optional return> number of warnings about
 *                       corrupted data)
 *      Return: pix, or null on error
 *
 *  Images reduced by factors of 2, 4 or 8 can be returned
 *  significantly faster than full resolution images.
 *
 *  The jpeg library will return warnings (or exit) if
 *  the jpeg data is bad.  Use this function if you want the
 *  jpeg library to create an 8 bpp palette image, or to
 *  tell if the jpeg data has been corrupted.  For corrupt jpeg
 *  data, there are two possible outcomes:
 *    (1) a damaged pix will be returned, along with a nonzero
 *        number of warnings, or
 *    (2) for sufficiently serious problems, the library will attempt
 *        to exit (caught by our error handler) and no pix will be returned.
 */
PIX *
pixReadJpeg(const char  *filename,
            l_int32      cmflag,
            l_int32      reduction,
            l_int32     *pnwarn)
{
FILE  *fp;
PIX   *pix;

    PROCNAME("pixReadJpeg");

    if (!filename)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("filename not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (pnwarn)
        *pnwarn = 0;  /* init */
    if (cmflag != 0 && cmflag != 1)
        cmflag = 0;  /* default */
    if (reduction != 1 && reduction != 2 && reduction != 4 && reduction != 8)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("reduction not in {1,2,4,8}", procName, NULL);

    if ((fp = fopenReadStream(filename)) == NULL)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("image file not found", procName, NULL);
    pix = pixReadStreamJpeg(fp, cmflag, reduction, pnwarn, 0);
    fclose(fp);

    if (!pix)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("image not returned", procName, NULL);
    return pix;
}


/*!
 *  pixReadStreamJpeg()
 *
 *      Input:  stream
 *              colormap flag (0 means return RGB image if color;
 *                             1 means create colormap and return 8 bpp
 *                               palette image if color)
 *              reduction (scaling factor: 1, 2, 4 or 8)
 *              &pnwarn (<optional return> number of warnings)
 *              hint: (a bitwise OR of L_HINT_* values); use 0 for no hints
 *      Return: pix, or null on error
 *
 *  Usage: see pixReadJpeg()
 */
PIX *
pixReadStreamJpeg(FILE     *fp,
                  l_int32   cmflag,
                  l_int32   reduction,
                  l_int32  *pnwarn,
                  l_int32   hint)
{
l_uint8                        cyan, yellow, magenta, black, white;
l_int32                        rval, gval, bval;
l_int32                        i, j, k;
l_int32                        w, h, wpl, spp, ncolors, cindex, ycck, cmyk;
l_uint32                      *data;
l_uint32                      *line, *ppixel;
JSAMPROW                       rowbuffer;
PIX                           *pix;
PIXCMAP                       *cmap;
struct jpeg_decompress_struct  cinfo;
struct jpeg_error_mgr          jerr;
l_uint8                       *comment = NULL;

    PROCNAME("pixReadStreamJpeg");

    if (!fp)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("fp not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (pnwarn)
        *pnwarn = 0;  /* init */
    if (cmflag != 0 && cmflag != 1)
        cmflag = 0;  /* default */
    if (reduction != 1 && reduction != 2 && reduction != 4 && reduction != 8)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("reduction not in {1,2,4,8}", procName, NULL);

    if (BITS_IN_JSAMPLE != 8)  /* set in jmorecfg.h */
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("BITS_IN_JSAMPLE != 8", procName, NULL);

    rewind(fp);

    pix = NULL;  /* init */
    if (setjmp(jpeg_jmpbuf)) {
        pixDestroy(&pix);
        FREE(rowbuffer);
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("internal jpeg error", procName, NULL);
    }

    rowbuffer = NULL;
    cinfo.err = jpeg_std_error(&jerr);
    jerr.error_exit = jpeg_error_do_not_exit; /* catch error; do not exit! */

    jpeg_create_decompress(&cinfo);

    cinfo.client_data = &comment;
    jpeg_set_marker_processor(&cinfo, JPEG_COM, jpeg_comment_callback);
    jpeg_stdio_src(&cinfo, fp);
    jpeg_read_header(&cinfo, TRUE);
    cinfo.scale_denom = reduction;
    cinfo.scale_num = 1;
    if (hint & L_HINT_GRAY)
        cinfo.out_color_space = JCS_GRAYSCALE;
    jpeg_calc_output_dimensions(&cinfo);

        /* Allocate the image and a row buffer */
    spp = cinfo.out_color_components;
    w = cinfo.output_width;
    h = cinfo.output_height;
    ycck = (cinfo.jpeg_color_space == JCS_YCCK && spp == 4 && cmflag == 0);
    cmyk = (cinfo.jpeg_color_space == JCS_CMYK && spp == 4 && cmflag == 0);
    if (spp != 1 && spp != 3 && !ycck && !cmyk) {
        if (comment) FREE(comment);
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("spp must be 1 or 3, or YCCK or CMYK",
                                procName, NULL);
    }
    if ((spp == 3 && cmflag == 0) || ycck || cmyk) {  /* rgb or 4 bpp color */
        rowbuffer = (JSAMPROW)CALLOC(sizeof(JSAMPLE), spp * w);
        pix = pixCreate(w, h, 32);
    }
    else {  /* 8 bpp gray or colormapped */
        rowbuffer = (JSAMPROW)CALLOC(sizeof(JSAMPLE), w);
        pix = pixCreate(w, h, 8);
    }
    if (!rowbuffer || !pix) {
        if (comment) FREE(comment);
        if (rowbuffer) FREE(rowbuffer);
        pixDestroy(&pix);
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("rowbuffer or pix not made", procName, NULL);
    }

    if (comment) {
        pixSetText(pix, (char *)comment);
        FREE(comment);
    }

    if (spp == 1)  /* Grayscale or colormapped */
        jpeg_start_decompress(&cinfo);
    else  {        /* Color; spp == 3 or YCCK or CMYK */
        if (cmflag == 0) {   /* -- 24 bit color in 32 bit pix or YCCK/CMYK -- */
            cinfo.quantize_colors = FALSE;
            jpeg_start_decompress(&cinfo);
        }
        else {      /* Color quantize to 8 bits */
            cinfo.quantize_colors = TRUE;
            cinfo.desired_number_of_colors = 256;
            jpeg_start_decompress(&cinfo);

                /* Construct a pix cmap */
            cmap = pixcmapCreate(8);
            ncolors = cinfo.actual_number_of_colors;
            for (cindex = 0; cindex < ncolors; cindex++)
            {
                rval = cinfo.colormap[0][cindex];
                gval = cinfo.colormap[1][cindex];
                bval = cinfo.colormap[2][cindex];
                pixcmapAddColor(cmap, rval, gval, bval);
            }
            pixSetColormap(pix, cmap);
        }
    }
    wpl  = pixGetWpl(pix);
    data = pixGetData(pix);

        /* Decompress */
    if ((spp == 3 && cmflag == 0) || ycck || cmyk) {   /* -- 24 bit color -- */
        for (i = 0; i < h; i++) {
            if (jpeg_read_scanlines(&cinfo, &rowbuffer, (JDIMENSION)1) != 1)
                return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("bad read scanline", procName, NULL);
            ppixel = data + i * wpl;
            if (spp == 3) {
                for (j = k = 0; j < w; j++) {
                    SET_DATA_BYTE(ppixel, COLOR_RED, rowbuffer[k++]);
                    SET_DATA_BYTE(ppixel, COLOR_GREEN, rowbuffer[k++]);
                    SET_DATA_BYTE(ppixel, COLOR_BLUE, rowbuffer[k++]);
                    ppixel++;
                }
            } else {
                    /* This is a conversion from CMYK -> RGB that ignores
                       color profiles, and is invoked when the image header
                       claims to be in CMYK or YCCK colorspace.  If in YCCK,
                       libjpeg may be doing YCCK -> CMYK under the hood.
                       To understand why the colors are inverted on read-in,
                       see the "Special color spaces" section of
                       "Using the IJG JPEG Library" by Thomas G. Lane.  */
                for (j = k = 0; j < w; j++) {
                    cyan = 255 - rowbuffer[k++];
                    magenta = 255 - rowbuffer[k++];
                    yellow = 255 - rowbuffer[k++];
                    white = rowbuffer[k++];
                    black = 255 - white;
                    rval = 255 - (cyan    * white) / 255 - black;
                    gval = 255 - (magenta * white) / 255 - black;
                    bval = 255 - (yellow  * white) / 255 - black;
                    rval = L_MIN(L_MAX(rval, 0), 255);
                    gval = L_MIN(L_MAX(gval, 0), 255);
                    bval = L_MIN(L_MAX(bval, 0), 255);
                    composeRGBPixel(rval, gval, bval, ppixel);
                    ppixel++;
                }
            }
        }
    }
    else {    /* 8 bpp grayscale or colormapped pix */
        for (i = 0; i < h; i++) {
            if (jpeg_read_scanlines(&cinfo, &rowbuffer, (JDIMENSION)1) != 1)
                return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("bad read scanline", procName, NULL);
            line = data + i * wpl;
            for (j = 0; j < w; j++)
                SET_DATA_BYTE(line, j, rowbuffer[j]);
        }
    }

    if (pnwarn)
        *pnwarn = cinfo.err->num_warnings;

    switch (cinfo.density_unit)
    {
    case 1:  /* pixels per inch */
        pixSetXRes(pix, cinfo.X_density);
        pixSetYRes(pix, cinfo.Y_density);
        break;
    case 2:  /* pixels per centimeter */
        pixSetXRes(pix, (l_int32)((l_float32)cinfo.X_density * 2.54 + 0.5));
        pixSetYRes(pix, (l_int32)((l_float32)cinfo.Y_density * 2.54 + 0.5));
        break;
    default:   /* the pixel density may not be defined; ignore */
        break;
    }

    jpeg_finish_decompress(&cinfo);
    jpeg_destroy_decompress(&cinfo);
    FREE(rowbuffer);

    return pix;
}


/*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                     Read jpeg metadata from file                    *
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/*!
 *  readHeaderJpeg()
 *
 *      Input:  filename
 *              &w (<optional return>)
 *              &h (<optional return>)
 *              &spp (<optional return>, samples/pixel)
 *              &ycck (<optional return>, 1 if ycck color space; 0 otherwise)
 *              &cmyk (<optional return>, 1 if cmyk color space; 0 otherwise)
 *      Return: 0 if OK, 1 on error
 */
l_int32
readHeaderJpeg(const char  *filename,
               l_int32     *pw,
               l_int32     *ph,
               l_int32     *pspp,
               l_int32     *pycck,
               l_int32     *pcmyk)
{
l_int32  ret;
FILE    *fp;

    PROCNAME("readHeaderJpeg");

    if (!filename)
        return ERROR_INT("filename not defined", procName, 1);
    if (!pw && !ph && !pspp && !pycck && !pcmyk)
        return ERROR_INT("no results requested", procName, 1);
    if ((fp = fopenReadStream(filename)) == NULL)
        return ERROR_INT("image file not found", procName, 1);
    ret = freadHeaderJpeg(fp, pw, ph, pspp, pycck, pcmyk);
    fclose(fp);
    return ret;
}


/*!
 *  freadHeaderJpeg()
 *
 *      Input:  stream
 *              &w (<optional return>)
 *              &h (<optional return>)
 *              &spp (<optional return>, samples/pixel)
 *              &ycck (<optional return>, 1 if ycck color space; 0 otherwise)
 *              &cmyk (<optional return>, 1 if cmyk color space; 0 otherwise)
 *      Return: 0 if OK, 1 on error
 */
l_int32
freadHeaderJpeg(FILE     *fp,
                l_int32  *pw,
                l_int32  *ph,
                l_int32  *pspp,
                l_int32  *pycck,
                l_int32  *pcmyk)
{
l_int32                        spp;
struct jpeg_decompress_struct  cinfo;
struct jpeg_error_mgr          jerr;

    PROCNAME("freadHeaderJpeg");

    if (!fp)
        return ERROR_INT("stream not defined", procName, 1);
    if (!pw && !ph && !pspp && !pycck && !pcmyk)
        return ERROR_INT("no results requested", procName, 1);

    if (setjmp(jpeg_jmpbuf))
        return ERROR_INT("internal jpeg error", procName, 1);

    rewind(fp);
    cinfo.err = jpeg_std_error(&jerr);
    jerr.error_exit = jpeg_error_do_not_exit; /* catch error; do not exit! */
    jpeg_create_decompress(&cinfo);
    jpeg_stdio_src(&cinfo, fp);
    jpeg_read_header(&cinfo, TRUE);
    jpeg_calc_output_dimensions(&cinfo);

    spp = cinfo.out_color_components;
    if (pspp) *pspp = spp;
    if (pw) *pw = cinfo.output_width;
    if (ph) *ph = cinfo.output_height;
    if (pycck) *pycck =
        (cinfo.jpeg_color_space == JCS_YCCK && spp == 4);
    if (pcmyk) *pcmyk =
        (cinfo.jpeg_color_space == JCS_CMYK && spp == 4);

    jpeg_destroy_decompress(&cinfo);
    rewind(fp);
    return 0;
}


/*
 *  fgetJpegResolution()
 *
 *      Input:  stream (opened for read)
 *              &xres, &yres (<return> resolution in ppi)
 *      Return: 0 if OK; 1 on error
 *
 *  Notes:
 *      (1) If neither resolution field is set, this is not an error;
 *          the returned resolution values are 0 (designating 'unknown').
 *      (2) Side-effect: this rewinds the stream.
 */
l_int32
fgetJpegResolution(FILE     *fp,
                   l_int32  *pxres,
                   l_int32  *pyres)
{
struct jpeg_decompress_struct  cinfo;
struct jpeg_error_mgr          jerr;

    PROCNAME("fgetJpegResolution");

    if (!pxres || !pyres)
        return ERROR_INT("&xres and &yres not both defined", procName, 1);
    *pxres = *pyres = 0;
    if (!fp)
        return ERROR_INT("stream not opened", procName, 1);

    if (setjmp(jpeg_jmpbuf))
        return ERROR_INT("internal jpeg error", procName, 1);

    rewind(fp);
    cinfo.err = jpeg_std_error(&jerr);
    jerr.error_exit = jpeg_error_do_not_exit;
    jpeg_create_decompress(&cinfo);
    jpeg_stdio_src(&cinfo, fp);
    jpeg_read_header(&cinfo, TRUE);

        /* It is common for the input resolution to be omitted from the
         * jpeg file.  If density_unit is not 1 or 2, simply return 0. */
    if (cinfo.density_unit == 1) {  /* pixels/inch */
        *pxres = cinfo.X_density;
        *pyres = cinfo.Y_density;
    }
    else if (cinfo.density_unit == 2) {  /* pixels/cm */
        *pxres = (l_int32)((l_float32)cinfo.X_density * 2.54 + 0.5);
        *pyres = (l_int32)((l_float32)cinfo.Y_density * 2.54 + 0.5);
    }

    jpeg_destroy_decompress(&cinfo);
    rewind(fp);
    return 0;
}


/*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                             Writing Jpeg                            *
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/*!
 *  pixWriteJpeg()
 *
 *      Input:  filename
 *              pix
 *              quality (1 - 100; 75 is default)
 *              progressive (0 for baseline sequential; 1 for progressive)
 *      Return: 0 if OK; 1 on error
 */
l_int32
pixWriteJpeg(const char  *filename,
             PIX         *pix,
             l_int32      quality,
             l_int32      progressive)
{
FILE  *fp;

    PROCNAME("pixWriteJpeg");

    if (!pix)
        return ERROR_INT("pix not defined", procName, 1);
    if (!filename)
        return ERROR_INT("filename not defined", procName, 1);

    if ((fp = fopenWriteStream(filename, "wb+")) == NULL)
        return ERROR_INT("stream not opened", procName, 1);

    if (pixWriteStreamJpeg(fp, pix, quality, progressive)) {
        fclose(fp);
        return ERROR_INT("pix not written to stream", procName, 1);
    }

    fclose(fp);
    return 0;
}


/*!
 *  pixWriteStreamJpeg()
 *
 *      Input:  stream
 *              pix  (8 or 32 bpp)
 *              quality  (1 - 100; 75 is default value; 0 is also default)
 *              progressive (0 for baseline sequential; 1 for progressive)
 *      Return: 0 if OK, 1 on error
 *
 *  Notes:
 *      (1) Under the covers, the library transforms rgb to a
 *          luminence-chromaticity triple, each component of which is
 *          also 8 bits, and compresses that.  It uses 2 Huffman tables,
 *          a higher resolution one (with more quantization levels)
 *          for luminosity and a lower resolution one for the chromas.
 *      (2) Progressive encoding gives better compression, at the
 *          expense of slower encoding and decoding.
 *      (3) Standard chroma subsampling is 2x2 on both the U and V
 *          channels.  For highest quality, use no subsampling.  This
 *          option is set by l_jpegSetNoChromaSampling(1).
 *      (4) There are three possibilities:
 *          * Grayscale image, no colormap: compress as 8 bpp image.
 *          * rgb full color image: copy each line into the color
 *            line buffer, and compress as three 8 bpp images.
 *          * 8 bpp colormapped image: convert each line to three
 *            8 bpp line images in the color line buffer, and
 *            compress as three 8 bpp images.
 *      (5) The only valid pixel depths in leptonica are 1, 2, 4, 8, 16
 *          and 32 bpp.  However, it is possible, and in some cases desirable,
 *          to write out a jpeg file using an rgb pix that has 24 bpp.
 *          This can be created by appending the raster data for a 24 bpp
 *          image (with proper scanline padding) directly to a 24 bpp
 *          pix that was created without a data array.  See note in
 *          pixWriteStreamPng() for an example.
 */
l_int32
pixWriteStreamJpeg(FILE    *fp,
                   PIX     *pix,
                   l_int32  quality,
                   l_int32  progressive)
{
l_uint8                      byteval;
l_int32                      xres, yres;
l_int32                      i, j, k;
l_int32                      w, h, d, wpl, spp, colorflg, rowsamples;
l_int32                     *rmap, *gmap, *bmap;
l_uint32                    *ppixel, *line, *data;
JSAMPROW                     rowbuffer;
PIXCMAP                     *cmap;
struct jpeg_compress_struct  cinfo;
struct jpeg_error_mgr        jerr;
const char                  *text;

    PROCNAME("pixWriteStreamJpeg");

    if (!fp)
        return ERROR_INT("stream not open", procName, 1);
    if (!pix)
        return ERROR_INT("pix not defined", procName, 1);
    rewind(fp);

    if (setjmp(jpeg_jmpbuf)) {
        FREE(rowbuffer);
        if (colorflg == 1) {
            FREE(rmap);
            FREE(gmap);
            FREE(bmap);
        }
        return ERROR_INT("internal jpeg error", procName, 1);
    }

    rowbuffer = NULL;
    rmap = NULL;
    gmap = NULL;
    bmap = NULL;
    pixGetDimensions(pix, &w, &h, &d);
    if (d != 8 && d != 24 && d != 32)
        return ERROR_INT("bpp must be 8, 24 or 32", procName, 1);

    if (quality <= 0)
        quality = 75;  /* default */

    if (d == 32 || d == 24)
        colorflg = 2;    /* rgb; no colormap */
    else if ((cmap = pixGetColormap(pix)) == NULL)
        colorflg = 0;    /* 8 bpp grayscale; no colormap */
    else {
        colorflg = 1;    /* 8 bpp; colormap */
        pixcmapToArrays(cmap, &rmap, &gmap, &bmap);
    }

    cinfo.err = jpeg_std_error(&jerr);
    jerr.error_exit = jpeg_error_do_not_exit; /* catch error; do not exit! */

    jpeg_create_compress(&cinfo);
    jpeg_stdio_dest(&cinfo, fp);

    cinfo.image_width  = w;
    cinfo.image_height = h;

    if (colorflg == 0) {
        cinfo.input_components = 1;
        cinfo.in_color_space = JCS_GRAYSCALE;
    }
    else {  /* colorflg == 1 or 2 */
        cinfo.input_components = 3;
        cinfo.in_color_space = JCS_RGB;
    }

    jpeg_set_defaults(&cinfo);

        /* Setting optimize_coding to TRUE seems to improve compression
         * by approx 2-4 percent, and increases comp time by approx 20%. */
    cinfo.optimize_coding = FALSE;

    xres = pixGetXRes(pix);
    yres = pixGetYRes(pix);
    if ((xres != 0) && (yres != 0)) {
        cinfo.density_unit = 1;  /* designates pixels per inch */
        cinfo.X_density = xres;
        cinfo.Y_density = yres;
    }

        /* Set the quality and progressive parameters */
    jpeg_set_quality(&cinfo, quality, TRUE);
    if (progressive) {
        jpeg_simple_progression(&cinfo);
    }

        /* Set the chroma subsampling parameters.  This is done in
         * YUV color space.  The Y (intensity) channel is never subsampled.
         * The standard subsampling is 2x2 on both the U and V channels.
         * Notation on this is confusing.  For a nice illustrations, see
         *   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroma_subsampling
         * The standard subsampling is written as 4:2:0.
         * We allow high quality where there is no subsampling on the
         * chroma channels: denoted as 4:4:4.  */
    if (var_JPEG_NO_CHROMA_SAMPLING == 1) {
        cinfo.comp_info[0].h_samp_factor = 1;
        cinfo.comp_info[0].v_samp_factor = 1;
        cinfo.comp_info[1].h_samp_factor = 1;
        cinfo.comp_info[1].v_samp_factor = 1;
        cinfo.comp_info[2].h_samp_factor = 1;
        cinfo.comp_info[2].v_samp_factor = 1;
    }

    jpeg_start_compress(&cinfo, TRUE);

    if ((text = pixGetText(pix))) {
        jpeg_write_marker(&cinfo, JPEG_COM, (const JOCTET *)text, strlen(text));
    }

        /* Allocate row buffer */
    spp = cinfo.input_components;
    rowsamples = spp * w;
    if ((rowbuffer = (JSAMPROW)CALLOC(sizeof(JSAMPLE), rowsamples)) == NULL)
        return ERROR_INT("calloc fail for rowbuffer", procName, 1);

    data = pixGetData(pix);
    wpl  = pixGetWpl(pix);
    for (i = 0; i < h; i++) {
        line = data + i * wpl;
        if (colorflg == 0) {        /* 8 bpp gray */
            for (j = 0; j < w; j++)
                rowbuffer[j] = GET_DATA_BYTE(line, j);
        }
        else if (colorflg == 1) {  /* 8 bpp colormapped */
            for (j = 0; j < w; j++) {
                byteval = GET_DATA_BYTE(line, j);
                rowbuffer[3 * j + COLOR_RED] = rmap[byteval];
                rowbuffer[3 * j + COLOR_GREEN] = gmap[byteval];
                rowbuffer[3 * j + COLOR_BLUE] = bmap[byteval];
            }
        }
        else {  /* colorflg == 2 */
            if (d == 24) {  /* See note 4 above; special case of 24 bpp rgb */
                jpeg_write_scanlines(&cinfo, (JSAMPROW *)&line, 1);
            }
            else {  /* standard 32 bpp rgb */
                ppixel = line;
                for (j = k = 0; j < w; j++) {
                    rowbuffer[k++] = GET_DATA_BYTE(ppixel, COLOR_RED);
                    rowbuffer[k++] = GET_DATA_BYTE(ppixel, COLOR_GREEN);
                    rowbuffer[k++] = GET_DATA_BYTE(ppixel, COLOR_BLUE);
                    ppixel++;
                }
            }
        }
        if (d != 24)
            jpeg_write_scanlines(&cinfo, &rowbuffer, 1);
    }

    jpeg_finish_compress(&cinfo);

    FREE(rowbuffer);
    if (colorflg == 1) {
        FREE(rmap);
        FREE(gmap);
        FREE(bmap);
    }

    jpeg_destroy_compress(&cinfo);
    return 0;
}


/*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                         Read/write to memory                        *
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------*/
#if HAVE_FMEMOPEN

extern FILE *open_memstream(char **data, size_t *size);
extern FILE *fmemopen(void *data, size_t size, const char *mode);

/*!
 *  pixReadMemJpeg()
 *
 *      Input:  cdata (const; jpeg-encoded)
 *              size (of data)
 *              colormap flag (0 means return RGB image if color;
 *                             1 means create colormap and return 8 bpp
 *                               palette image if color)
 *              reduction (scaling factor: 1, 2, 4 or 8)
 *              &pnwarn (<optional return> number of warnings)
 *              hint (bitwise OR of L_HINT_* values; use 0 for no hint)
 *      Return: pix, or null on error
 *
 *  Notes:
 *      (1) The @size byte of @data must be a null character.
 *      (2) See pixReadJpeg() for usage.
 */
PIX *
pixReadMemJpeg(const l_uint8  *cdata,
               size_t          size,
               l_int32         cmflag,
               l_int32         reduction,
               l_int32        *pnwarn,
               l_int32         hint)
{
l_uint8  *data;
FILE     *fp;
PIX      *pix;

    PROCNAME("pixReadMemJpeg");

    if (!cdata)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("cdata not defined", procName, NULL);

    data = (l_uint8 *)cdata;  /* we're really not going to change this */
    if ((fp = fmemopen(data, size, "r")) == NULL)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("stream not opened", procName, NULL);
    pix = pixReadStreamJpeg(fp, cmflag, reduction, pnwarn, hint);
    fclose(fp);
    return pix;
}


/*!
 *  readHeaderMemJpeg()
 *
 *      Input:  cdata (const; jpeg-encoded)
 *              size (of data)
 *              &w (<optional return>)
 *              &h (<optional return>)
 *              &spp (<optional return>, samples/pixel)
 *              &ycck (<optional return>, 1 if ycck color space; 0 otherwise)
 *              &cmyk (<optional return>, 1 if cmyk color space; 0 otherwise)
 *      Return: 0 if OK, 1 on error
 */
l_int32
readHeaderMemJpeg(const l_uint8  *cdata,
                  size_t          size,
                  l_int32        *pw,
                  l_int32        *ph,
                  l_int32        *pspp,
                  l_int32        *pycck,
                  l_int32        *pcmyk)
{
l_uint8  *data;
l_int32   ret;
FILE     *fp;

    PROCNAME("readHeaderMemJpeg");

    if (!cdata)
        return ERROR_INT("cdata not defined", procName, 1);
    if (!pw && !ph && !pspp && !pycck && !pcmyk)
        return ERROR_INT("no results requested", procName, 1);

    data = (l_uint8 *)cdata;  /* we're really not going to change this */
    if ((fp = fmemopen(data, size, "r")) == NULL)
        return ERROR_INT("stream not opened", procName, 1);
    ret = freadHeaderJpeg(fp, pw, ph, pspp, pycck, pcmyk);
    fclose(fp);
    return ret;
}


/*!
 *  pixWriteMemJpeg()
 *
 *      Input:  &data (<return> data of jpeg compressed image)
 *              &size (<return> size of returned data)
 *              pix
 *              quality  (1 - 100; 75 is default value; 0 is also default)
 *              progressive (0 for baseline sequential; 1 for progressive)
 *      Return: 0 if OK, 1 on error
 *
 *  Notes:
 *      (1) See pixWriteStreamJpeg() for usage.  This version writes to
 *          memory instead of to a file stream.
 */
l_int32
pixWriteMemJpeg(l_uint8  **pdata,
                size_t    *psize,
                PIX       *pix,
                l_int32    quality,
                l_int32    progressive)
{
l_int32  ret;
FILE    *fp;

    PROCNAME("pixWriteMemJpeg");

    if (!pdata)
        return ERROR_INT("&data not defined", procName, 1 );
    if (!psize)
        return ERROR_INT("&size not defined", procName, 1 );
    if (!pix)
        return ERROR_INT("&pix not defined", procName, 1 );

    if ((fp = open_memstream((char **)pdata, psize)) == NULL)
        return ERROR_INT("stream not opened", procName, 1);
    ret = pixWriteStreamJpeg(fp, pix, quality, progressive);
    fclose(fp);
    return ret;
}


#else  /* fmemopen() and open_memstream() are not available */


/*!
 *  pixReadMemJpeg()
 *
 *      Input:  cdata (const; jpeg-encoded)
 *              size (of data)
 *              colormap flag (0 means return RGB image if color;
 *                             1 means create colormap and return 8 bpp
 *                               palette image if color)
 *              reduction (scaling factor: 1, 2, 4 or 8)
 *              &pnwarn (<optional return> number of warnings)
 *              hint (bitwise OR of L_HINT_* values; use 0 for no hint)
 *      Return: pix, or null on error
 *
 *  Notes:
 *      (1) We are cheating here -- writing the data out
 *          to file in jpeg format and then reading it back.
 */
PIX *
pixReadMemJpeg(const l_uint8  *cdata,
               size_t          size,
               l_int32         cmflag,
               l_int32         reduction,
               l_int32        *pnwarn,
               l_int32         hint)
{
char     *tname;
l_uint8  *data;
FILE     *fp;
PIX      *pix;

    PROCNAME("pixReadMemJpeg");

    if (!cdata)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("cdata not defined", procName, NULL);

    data = (l_uint8 *)cdata;  /* we're really not going to change this */
    tname = genTempFilename("/tmp/", "mem.jpg", 1, 1);
    l_binaryWrite(tname, "w", data, size);
    if ((fp = fopenReadStream(tname)) == NULL)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("stream not opened", procName, NULL);
    pix = pixReadStreamJpeg(fp, cmflag, reduction, pnwarn, hint);
    fclose(fp);
    remove(tname);
    FREE(tname);
    if (!pix)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pix not read", procName, NULL);
    return pix;
}


/*!
 *  readHeaderMemJpeg()
 *
 *      Input:  cdata (const; jpeg-encoded)
 *              size (of data)
 *              &w (<optional return>)
 *              &h (<optional return>)
 *              &spp (<optional return>, samples/pixel)
 *              &ycck (<optional return>, 1 if ycck color space; 0 otherwise)
 *              &cmyk (<optional return>, 1 if cmyk color space; 0 otherwise)
 *      Return: 0 if OK, 1 on error
 *
 *  Notes:
 *      (1) Parse the jpeg string without without jpeg library calls.
 */
l_int32
readHeaderMemJpeg(const l_uint8  *cdata,
                  size_t          size,
                  l_int32        *pw,
                  l_int32        *ph,
                  l_int32        *pspp,
                  l_int32        *pycck,
                  l_int32        *pcmyk)
{
    PROCNAME("readHeaderMemJpeg");

    if (!cdata)
        return ERROR_INT("cdata not defined", procName, 1);

    if (pycck) *pycck = 0;
    if (pcmyk) *pcmyk = 0;
    return extractJpegDataFromArray(cdata, size, pw, ph, NULL, pspp);
}


/*!
 *  pixWriteMemJpeg()
 *
 *      Input:  &data (<return> data of jpeg compressed image)
 *              &size (<return> size of returned data)
 *              pix
 *              quality  (1 - 100; 75 is default value; 0 is also default)
 *              progressive (0 for baseline sequential; 1 for progressive)
 *      Return: 0 if OK, 1 on error
 *
 *  Notes:
 *      (1) We are cheating here -- writing the data out
 *          to file in jpeg format and then reading it back.
 */
l_int32
pixWriteMemJpeg(l_uint8  **pdata,
                size_t    *psize,
                PIX       *pix,
                l_int32    quality,
                l_int32    progressive)
{
char     *tname;
l_uint8  *data;
size_t    nbytes;

    PROCNAME("pixWriteMemJpeg");

    if (!pdata)
        return ERROR_INT("&data not defined", procName, 1 );
    if (!psize)
        return ERROR_INT("&size not defined", procName, 1 );
    if (!pix)
        return ERROR_INT("&pix not defined", procName, 1 );

    tname = genTempFilename("/tmp/", "mem.jpg", 1, 1);
    pixWriteJpeg(tname, pix, quality, progressive);
    data = l_binaryRead(tname, &nbytes);
    remove(tname);
    FREE(tname);
    if (!data)
        return ERROR_INT("data not returned", procName, 1 );
    *pdata = data;
    *psize = nbytes;
    return 0;
}

#endif  /* HAVE_FMEMOPEN */



/*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                     Setting special write flag                      *
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/*!
 *  l_jpegSetNoChromaSampling()
 *
 *      Input:  flag (0 for standard 2x2 chroma subsampling)
 *                    1 for no chroma subsampling (high quality))
 *      Return: void
 */
void
l_jpegSetNoChromaSampling(l_int32  flag)
{
    var_JPEG_NO_CHROMA_SAMPLING = flag;
}


/*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                        Static system helpers                        *
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------*/
    /* The default jpeg error_exit() kills the process.
     * We don't want leptonica to allow this to happen.
     * If you want this default behavior, remove the
     * calls to this in the functions above. */
static void
jpeg_error_do_not_exit(j_common_ptr cinfo)
{
    (*cinfo->err->output_message) (cinfo);
    jpeg_destroy(cinfo);
    longjmp(jpeg_jmpbuf, 0);
    return;
}

    /* This function was borrowed from libjpeg. */
static l_uint8
jpeg_getc(j_decompress_ptr cinfo)
{
struct jpeg_source_mgr *datasrc;

    datasrc = cinfo->src;
    if (datasrc->bytes_in_buffer == 0) {
        if (! (*datasrc->fill_input_buffer) (cinfo)) {
            return 0;
        }
    }
    datasrc->bytes_in_buffer--;
    return GETJOCTET(*datasrc->next_input_byte++);
}


    /* This function is required for reading jpeg comments, and
     * was contributed by Antony Dovgal.  Why 'boolean'?  See
     * note above the declaration. */
static boolean
jpeg_comment_callback(j_decompress_ptr cinfo)
{
l_int32    length, i;
l_uint32   c;
l_uint8  **comment;

    comment = (l_uint8 **)cinfo->client_data;
    length = jpeg_getc(cinfo) << 8;
    length += jpeg_getc(cinfo);
    length -= 2;

    if (length <= 0)
        return 1;

    if (*comment) FREE(*comment);
    *comment = (l_uint8 *)MALLOC(length + 1);
    if (!(*comment))
        return 0;

    for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
        c = jpeg_getc(cinfo);
        (*comment)[i] = c;
    }
    (*comment)[length] = 0;

    return 1;
}


/*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *           Extraction of jpeg header information by parsing          *
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/*!
 *  extractJpegDataFromFile()
 *
 *      Input:  filein
 *              &data (<return> binary data consisting of the entire jpeg file)
 *              &nbytes (<return> size of binary data)
 *              &w (<optional return> image width)
 *              &h (<optional return> image height)
 *              &bps (<optional return> bits/sample; should be 8)
 *              &spp (<optional return> samples/pixel; should be 1 or 3)
 *      Return: 0 if OK, 1 on error
 */
l_int32
extractJpegDataFromFile(const char  *filein,
                        l_uint8    **pdata,
                        size_t      *pnbytes,
                        l_int32     *pw,
                        l_int32     *ph,
                        l_int32     *pbps,
                        l_int32     *pspp)
{
l_uint8  *data;
l_int32   format;
size_t    nbytes;

    PROCNAME("extractJpegDataFromFile");

    if (!filein)
        return ERROR_INT("filein not defined", procName, 1);
    if (!pdata)
        return ERROR_INT("&data not defined", procName, 1);
    if (!pnbytes)
        return ERROR_INT("&nbytes not defined", procName, 1);
    if (!pw && !ph && !pbps && !pspp)
        return ERROR_INT("no output data requested", procName, 1);
    *pdata = NULL;
    *pnbytes = 0;

    findFileFormat(filein, &format);
    if (format != IFF_JFIF_JPEG)
        return ERROR_INT("filein not jfif jpeg", procName, 1);

    if ((data = l_binaryRead(filein, &nbytes)) == NULL)
        return ERROR_INT("inarray not made", procName, 1);
    *pnbytes = nbytes;
    *pdata = data;

        /* On error, free the data */
    if (extractJpegDataFromArray(data, nbytes, pw, ph, pbps, pspp)) {
      FREE(data);
      *pdata = NULL;
      *pnbytes = 0;
    }

    return 0;
}


/*!
 *  extractJpegDataFromArray()
 *
 *      Input:  data (binary data consisting of the entire jpeg file)
 *              nbytes (size of binary data)
 *              &w (<optional return> image width)
 *              &h (<optional return> image height)
 *              &bps (<optional return> bits/sample; should be 8)
 *              &spp (<optional return> samples/pixel; should be 1, 3 or 4)
 *      Return: 0 if OK, 1 on error
 */
l_int32
extractJpegDataFromArray(const void  *data,
                         size_t       nbytes,
                         l_int32     *pw,
                         l_int32     *ph,
                         l_int32     *pbps,
                         l_int32     *pspp)
{
l_uint8  *data8;
l_int32   imeta, msize, bps, w, h, spp;

    PROCNAME("extractJpegDataFromArray");

    if (!pw && !ph && !pbps && !pspp)
        return ERROR_INT("no output data requested", procName, 1);
    if (pw) *pw = 0;
    if (ph) *pw = 0;
    if (pbps) *pbps = 0;
    if (pspp) *pspp = 0;
    if (!data)
        return ERROR_INT("data not defined", procName, 1);
    data8 = (l_uint8 *)data;

        /* Find where the image metadata begins in header:
         * 0xc0 is start of metadata for baseline DCT;
         * 0xc1 is start of metadata for extended sequential DCT;
         * ...   */
    imeta = 0;
    if (locateJpegImageParameters(data8, nbytes, &imeta) == 0) {
            /* Save the metadata */
        msize = getTwoByteParameter(data8, imeta);   /* metadata size */
        bps = data8[imeta + 2];
        h = getTwoByteParameter(data8, imeta + 3);
        w = getTwoByteParameter(data8, imeta + 5);
        spp = data8[imeta + 7];
        if (pbps) *pbps = bps;
        if (ph) *ph = h;
        if (pw) *pw = w;
        if (pspp) *pspp = spp;

#if  DEBUG_INFO
        fprintf(stderr, "w = %d, h = %d, bps = %d, spp = %d\n", w, h, bps, spp);
        fprintf(stderr, "imeta = %d, msize = %d\n", imeta, msize);
#endif   /* DEBUG_INFO */
 
            /* Is the data obviously bad? */
        if (h <= 0 || w <= 0 || bps != 8 || (spp != 1 && spp !=3 && spp != 4)) {
            L_WARNING("invalid image parameters:", procName);
            L_WARNING("fallback to read the entire file", procName);
            return extractJpegHeaderDataFallback(data, nbytes,
                                                 pw, ph, pbps, pspp);
        }
    }
    else {
        L_WARNING("parsing failure; fallback to read entire file", procName);
        return extractJpegHeaderDataFallback(data, nbytes, pw, ph, pbps, pspp);
    }

    return 0;
}


/*!
 *  extractJpegHeaderDataFallback()
 *
 *      Input:  data (binary data consisting of the entire jpeg file)
 *              nbytes (size of binary data)
 *              &w (<optional return> image width)
 *              &h (<optional return> image height)
 *              &bps (<optional return> bits/sample; should be 8)
 *              &spp (<optional return> samples/pixel; should be 1 or 3)
 *      Return: 0 if OK, 1 on error
 *
 *  Notes:
 *      (1) This gets the header data by uncompressing the jpeg
 *          data into a pix.  It can be used when header parsing fails.
 *      (2) This cannot distinguish between 3 and 4 spp, so it returns 3.
 */
static l_int32
extractJpegHeaderDataFallback(const void  *data,
                              size_t       nbytes,
                              l_int32     *pw,
                              l_int32     *ph,
                              l_int32     *pbps,
                              l_int32     *pspp)
{
l_uint8  *data8;
l_int32   w, h, d, spp;
PIX      *pix;

    PROCNAME("extractJpegHeaderDataFallback");

    if (!pw && !ph && !pbps && !pspp)
        return ERROR_INT("no output data requested", procName, 1);
    if (pw) *pw = 0;
    if (ph) *ph = 0;
    if (pbps) *pbps = 8;
    if (pspp) *pspp = 0;
    if (!data)
        return ERROR_INT("data not defined", procName, 1);
    data8 = (l_uint8 *)data;

    if ((pix = pixReadMemJpeg(data8, nbytes, 0, 1, NULL, 0)) == NULL)
        return ERROR_INT("unable to read jpeg", procName, 1);
    pixGetDimensions(pix, &w, &h, &d);
    spp = (d == 8) ? 1 : 3;
    if (ph) *ph = h;
    if (pw) *pw = w;
    if (pspp) *pspp = spp;
    pixDestroy(&pix);
    return 0;
}


/*
 *  locateJpegImageParameters()
 *  
 *      Input:  inarray (binary jpeg)
 *              size (of the data array)
 *              &index (<return> location of image metadata)
 *      Return: 0 if OK, 1 on error.  Caller must check this!
 *  
 *  Notes:
 *      (1) The metadata in jpeg files is a mess.  There are markers
 *          for the chunks that are always preceeded by 0xff.
 *          It is possible to have 0xff in the binary data that is
 *          not a marker, and this is always 'escaped' by a following
 *          0x0 byte.  The two bytes following the marker give the
 *          chunk size, inclusive of those two bytes.  The jpeg parser
 *          runs through the file, looking for special markers such
 *          as 0xc0 and 0xc2 that indicate the beginning of a metadata
 *          frame that gives the image size, depth, etc.
 *      (2) The markers listed here appear to be the only ones that
 *          we need to worry about.  It would have been nice to have
 *          avoided the switch with all these markers, but
 *          unfortunately the parser for the jpeg header is set
 *          to accept any byte marker that's not on the approved list!
 *          So we have to look for a flag that's not on the list
 *          (and is not 0 or followed by 0xff), and then interpret
 *          the size of the data chunk and skip it.  Why do this?
 *          Such a chunk may contain a thumbnail version of the image,
 *          so if we don't skip it, we will find a pair of bytes such
 *          as 0xffc0 within the chunk, followed by the metadata
 *          (e.g., w and h dimensions) for the thumbnail.  Not what we want.
 *      (3) We recently found jpeg files with the sequence 0xffXXff,
 *          where XX is apparently a random marker not on the 'approved'
 *          list.  These clearly need to be escaped, because there are
 *          no chunks of size as great as 0xff00 that can be skipped
 *          (remember: for chunks that must be skipped, the 2 bytes
 *          after the marker give the chunk size).
 *      (4) For marker definitions, see, e.g.:
 *               http://www.digicamsoft.com/itu/itu-t81-36.html
 */
static l_int32
locateJpegImageParameters(l_uint8  *inarray,
                          size_t    size,
                          l_int32  *pindex)
{
l_uint8  val;
l_int32  index, skiplength;

    PROCNAME("locateJpegImageParameters");

    if (!inarray)
        return ERROR_INT("inarray not defined", procName, 1);
    if (!pindex)
        return ERROR_INT("&index not defined", procName, 1);

    index = 0;  /* start at the beginning of the data */
    while (1) {
        if (getNextJpegMarker(inarray, size, &index))
            break;
        if ((val = inarray[index]) == 0)  /* ignore if "escaped" */
            continue;
        if (inarray[index + 1] == 0xff)  /* ignore if 'ff' immediately after */
            continue;
/*        fprintf(stderr, " marker %x at %o, %d\n", val, index, index); */
        switch(val)
        {
            /* These are valid metadata start of frame locations */
        case 0xc0:  /* M_SOF0 */
        case 0xc1:  /* M_SOF1 */
        case 0xc2:  /* M_SOF2 */
        case 0xc3:  /* M_SOF3 */
        case 0xc5:  /* M_SOF5 */
        case 0xc6:  /* M_SOF6 */
        case 0xc7:  /* M_SOF7 */
        case 0xc9:  /* M_SOF9 */
        case 0xca:  /* M_SOF10 */
        case 0xcd:  /* M_SOF13 */
        case 0xce:  /* M_SOF14 */
        case 0xcf:  /* M_SOF15 */
            *pindex = index + 1;  /* found it */
            return 0;

            /* Go on -- these are on the 'approved' list and are
             * not chunks that must be skipped */
        case 0x01:  /* M_TEM */
        case 0xd0:  /* M_RST0 */
        case 0xd1:  /* M_RST1 */
        case 0xd2:  /* M_RST2 */
        case 0xd3:  /* M_RST3 */
        case 0xd4:  /* M_RST4 */
        case 0xd5:  /* M_RST5 */
        case 0xd6:  /* M_RST6 */
        case 0xd7:  /* M_RST7 */
        case 0xd8:  /* M_SOI */
        case 0xd9:  /* M_EOI */
        case 0xe0:  /* M_APP0 */
        case 0xee:  /* M_APP14 */
            break;

            /* Everything else is assumed to be a chunk that must be skipped */
        default:
            skiplength = getTwoByteParameter(inarray, index + 1);
/*            fprintf(stderr, "  skipping: %d bytes at %d\n",
                    skiplength, index);  */
            index += skiplength;
            break;
        }
    }

    return 1;  /* not found */
}


/*
 *  getNextJpegMarker()
 *
 *      Input:  array (jpeg data)
 *              size (from current point to the end)
 *              &index (input current and <return> the last position searched.
 *                      If it is not at the end of the array, we return
 *                      the first byte that is not 0xff, after
 *                      having encountered at least one 0xff.)
 *      Return: 0 if a marker is found, 1 if the end of the array is reached
 *      
 *  Notes:
 *      (1) In jpeg, 0xff is used to mark the end of a data segment.
 *          There may be more than one 0xff in succession.  But not every
 *          0xff marks the end of a segment.  It is possible, though
 *          rare, that 0xff can occur within some data.  In that case,
 *          the marker is "escaped", by following it with 0x00.
 *      (2) This function parses a jpeg data stream.  It doesn't
 *          _really_ get the next marker, because it doesn't check if
 *          the 0xff is escaped.  But the caller checks for this escape
 *          condition, and ignores the marker if escaped.
 */ 
static l_int32
getNextJpegMarker(l_uint8  *array,
                  size_t    size,
                  l_int32  *pindex)
{
l_uint8  val;
l_int32  index;

    PROCNAME("getNextJpegMarker");

    if (!array)
        return ERROR_INT("array not defined", procName, 1);
    if (!pindex)
        return ERROR_INT("&index not defined", procName, 1);

    index = *pindex;  /* initial location in array */

    while (index < size) {  /* skip to 0xff */
       val = array[index++];    
       if (val == 0xff)
           break;
    }

    while (index < size) {  /* skip repeated 0xff */
       val = array[index++];    
       if (val != 0xff)
           break;
    }

    *pindex = index - 1;
    if (index >= size)
        return 1;
    else
        return 0;
}


static l_int32
getTwoByteParameter(l_uint8  *array,
                    l_int32   index)
{
    return (l_int32)((array[index]) << 8) + (l_int32)(array[index + 1]);
}


/* --------------------------------------------*/
#endif  /* HAVE_LIBJPEG */
/* --------------------------------------------*/